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Chs cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome reddit - It is called cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome genius, and cannabis is pretty

Aug 2, 2018 ... ... Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS). Never heard of CHS before? Welc

EM is officially the most uncompetitive specialty. 550+ unfilled spots in 2023 match (1/6 of total spots). 543. 192. r/emergencymedicine. Join. • 17 days ago. I love this job. There's always something new. And as hard as we try, we can't get to perfect.Reddit iOS Reddit Android Reddit Premium About Reddit Advertise Blog Careers Press. ... CHS (Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome) Is CHS (Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome) only cause by Carts meaning THC Vapes or is it also caused by flower raw weed? Comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment . More …Nov 15, 2018 ... Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) ... An analysis of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome Reddit posts and ...It builds and builds. In the morning you wake up with great abdominal pain and immediate nausea which causes vomiting. This is the pattern I have noticed. And on morning when I don’t get symptoms but have still smoked the night before, I am really gassy and my stomach initially hurts until I fart or burp or whatever.As I understand it, CHS pretty much exclusively occurs in long term heavy users (as in multiple years). There isn't much data on the prevalence, but inhaling cannabinoids doesn't seem to have much direct effect on your GI tract. The mechanism behind CHS is due to the effect of substances in weed on the endocannabinoid system in the brain.We can't answer that for you. It's going to depend on lots of personal factors, and how much and how often you use cannabis. Take a break til things start to clear up and then if you want to use cannabis again just ease into it slowly. ChillCube • 9 days ago.Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Treatment. If the health care provider diagnoses the CHS, it will be explained to the patient what is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, and then it is the treatment time. One of the first steps doctors suggest is to stop consuming marijuana.I had this syndrome. I quit smoking by taking a microdose. It's not the same and the first 2 weeks are hard but now i only smoke on occasions and 4-5 hits of a joint instead of 6 joints daily. The only way to overcome the syndrome is by quitting. Now if i smoke i have 50/50 chance i have stomach pain even after 1 puff.3 Aug 2023. Cannabis is widely known for its potential medicinal benefits, including its ability to alleviate symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. However, there is a lesser-known condition with long-term cannabis use Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS). CHS is recurring episodes of intense nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and …CHS is a condition believed to be caused by cannabis use (including CBD as well). People who have CHS can experience reoccurring episodes of nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and abdominal pain, sometimes requiring frequent visits to the emergency department. Why haven’t I heard of CHS? Mar 8, 2023 · Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) leads to severe nausea and repeated vomiting and even “scromiting” — a combination of screaming and vomiting. People who use cannabis multiple times per week for longer than a year are at highest risk of developing CHS. Many people with CHS need treatment in a hospital. Heat therapy and capsaicin ... It is called cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome genius, and cannabis is pretty much synonymous with THC in most people's minds anyway. And what is "Cannabis consumption abuse"? That is either a completely subjective determination or not a thing at all. Please find a definition for this if you possibly can or we will just assume you are making ... Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition caused by long-term cannabis ( marijuana) use. People who have CHS experience recurring episodes of nausea, vomiting, dehydration and abdominal pain, with frequent visits to the emergency department. Hyperemesis means severe vomiting. Another name for CHS is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.Industry. Reports. Canada. C annabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), a rare cyclical vomiting condition, is said to be triggered by too much cannabis. But many believe this isn’t true—and ...Aug 2, 2018 ... ... Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS). Never heard of CHS before? Welcome to the club. This mysterious condition, unique to pot smokers ...Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) leads to severe nausea and repeated vomiting and even “scromiting” — a combination of screaming and vomiting. …Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition caused by long-term cannabis ( marijuana) use. People who have CHS experience recurring episodes of nausea, vomiting, dehydration and abdominal pain, with frequent visits to the emergency department. Hyperemesis means severe vomiting. Another name for CHS is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) CHS usually starts after years of using marijuana many times a week. Initial symptoms are feeling sick to the stomach, belly pain and the feeling like you may throw up. A lot of people can still eat without throwing up. After about 10-12 years of chronic marijuana use, patients begin to have a strong ...Mar 22, 2023 ... An Analysis of. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Reddit Posts and Themes. ... cannabis use and treatment engagement in patients with CHS. Drug ...ExtraSpunkyGuy • 2 yr. ago. Yes. Yes-I-Cannabis • 2 yr. ago. I have read news stories from sources that I consider to be credible detailing patients experiencing CHS, so I don’t doubt that it is a real syndrome. However, I don’t believe that it alone would cause death.Yes. It sucks. Outrageous_Boss3688 • 6 mo. ago. It majorly sucks. Not worth it. Gotta hammer that into my brain. lipspliff • 6 mo. ago. Yes, and it's absolutely real. There's a really good Facebook private support group called Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome, lmk if you need an invite.Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is a relatively new disorder characterized by cyclic/chronic nausea and/or vomiting. It appears to be caused by heavy, chronic Cannabis use. The symptoms are usually reduced by taking a hot bath or hot shower. Yes, I believe it exists. C annabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), a rare cyclical vomiting condition, is said to be triggered by too much cannabis. But many believe this isn’t true—and instead say the painful bouts of vomiting come from other factors, such as pesticide contamination. Recently, the idea that neem oil (a very common pesticide) could be …All 98 patients were younger than 50 years of age. Among the 37 patients in whom duration of cannabis use was available, most (25 [68%]) reported using cannabis for more than 2 years before symptom onset, and 71 of 75 patients (95%) in whom frequency of use was available used cannabis more than once weekly. Sep 17, 2013 · Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a cluster of symptoms characterized by cyclic nausea and vomiting with abdominal pain without an obvious organic cause and compulsive hot water bathing behavior induced by long-term cannabis use (more than 1 year). Patients usually use cannabis on a daily or weekly basis. Jan 11, 2023 ... ... cannabis plant.3 The ... How Long Does Marijuana (Weed) Stay in Your System? Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS): Symptoms and Treatment ...Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition caused by long-term cannabis ( marijuana) use. People who have CHS experience recurring episodes of nausea, …Someone has linked to this thread from another place on reddit: [r/baconcheeseburgerclub] Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) & continued use. - r/eldertrees If you follow any of the above links, please respect the rules of reddit and don't vote in the other threads. (Info / ^Contact) An analysis of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome Reddit posts and themes Rachel S. Wightman , Jeanmarie Perrone , Alexandra B. Collins , Sahithi …Lurer på om det er noen her som mistenker å ha fått CHS (Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome)? Kort forklart så er det oppkast/mageproblemer over lengre tid. Jeg sliter med magen i flere år nå, og vil gjerne høre om det er flere nordmenn som sliter med det samme. Det har blitt rapportert dødsfall knyttet til dette i både USA og Canada. CHS (cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome) - Hi all, I began having CHS symptoms in November 2022, and didn't know it until March 2023. I quit cannabis about a week ago ( I was quite the frequent user). I had an episode last week and was hospitalized for a day with a swift recovery. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is a relatively new disorder characterized by cyclic/chronic nausea and/or vomiting. It appears to be caused by heavy, chronic Cannabis use. The symptoms are usually reduced by taking a hot bath or hot shower. Yes, I believe it exists. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome is rare but can involve severe or prolonged vomiting. Experts say it’s no reason to restrict marijuana use. It’s fine! Getty Images Plus. “Scromiting” isn ...Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition that can happen to anyone who uses cannabis (e.g. marijuana), especially those who use it regularly. Researchers and healthcare professionals are just beginning to understand more about CHS. The signs and symptoms of CHS can be the same as other medical conditions, so it can be hard to diagnose.Just an update. It's been 37 days since any cannabinoid consumption. I'm still pissing positive for THC with the at-home tests from Amazon o_o . I have had zero CHS type problems since the day I stopped. Anxiety dramatically decreased after like the 2-3 week mark. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a cluster of symptoms characterized by cyclic nausea and vomiting with abdominal pain without an obvious organic cause and compulsive hot water bathing behavior induced by long-term cannabis use (more than 1 year). Patients usually use cannabis on a daily or weekly basis.Epidemiological data, including prevalence, for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) remain largely unknown. Without these data, clinicians often describe CHS as 'rare' or 'very rare' without supporting evidence. We seek to estimate the prevalence of CHS in a population of patients presenting to a …Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome is marked by episodes of stomach pain, nausea and extreme vomiting. Learn how to recognize and treat symptoms of CHS.Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (chs) I was just diagnosed with Chs, if you don’t know what it is look it up/ I found the only relive for my chs episodes are running a hot shower or bath and just relaxing in it I find playing music to help distract my self in the the shower, I highly suggest not smoking after you have gotten CHS I assumed it ... Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition that leads to repeated and severe bouts of vomiting. It is rare and only occurs in daily long-term users of marijuana. Marijuana has several active substances. These include THC and related chemicals. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome is a condition caused by chronic cannabis use that manifests as serious nausea, abdominal pain, and frequent vomiting. If symptoms go untreated, patients can develop other related conditions, most notably severe dehydration. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) appears to be a relatively rare condition, and ...Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. I think I may have this I smoked weed a lot for a week and like a couple days later I had a pain under my left rib cage like a blockage but there was none to be seen in the things they did at the hospital then my heart rhythm was fucked and now it's beating really fast and hasn't stopped since any advice for ...EM is officially the most uncompetitive specialty. 550+ unfilled spots in 2023 match (1/6 of total spots). 543. 192. r/emergencymedicine. Join. • 17 days ago. I love this job. There's always something new. And as hard as we try, we can't get to perfect. Have I Entered the Prodromal Phase of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS)? This is my first ever post on reddit. Given that so little information exists regarding CHS; I thought it wise to just ask those whose experienced it/witnessed it. I began smoking weed occasionally at 14. I am now 23/f. I smoked more, progressively, over the years.Treatment for Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome. Hot bathing has been shown to relieve abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting in people with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. A 2017 report published in the journal German Medical Science showed that 60 percent of people with the disorder reported that hot bathing reduced CHS symptoms.It didn’t make any sense.”. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, also known as CHS, can arise in response to long-term cannabis use. The syndrome consists of vomiting, nausea and abdominal pain ...Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome I have all of the symptoms of chs thrown up from smoking on a emtpy stomach then constantly felt like shit after words I stoped smoking 4 days ago and I still have the symptoms of it when ever I get inxity I feel like I have to throw up but I never do but I never thrown up from being sober wtf do I have?Epidemiological data, including prevalence, for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) remain largely unknown. Without these data, clinicians often describe CHS as 'rare' or 'very rare' without supporting evidence. We seek to estimate the prevalence of CHS in a population of patients presenting to a …Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Treatment in the Emergency Department. Community Support and Resources: For those struggling with CHS or seeking more information, the Reddit community r/CHSinfo offers support, personal experiences, and additional resources.Too much of anything, including THC, isn't good for the body. CBD will help keep your tolerance lower and provide balance so you can use less THC to reach the threshold of relief, aggravating your CHS less. Cases of CHS and Cannabis induced anxiety/psychosis have raised along side heightening THC percentages. Is it correlation or causation?Just my thought but I am a reddit expert sooooooo. Hey, just a quick copy pasta here for clarification: "CHS is an episodic syndrome with vomiting episodes that last for 24-48 h at a time separated by asymptomatic periods that may last weeks or months". Its not exactly an allergy.Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition that sometimes develops due to the long term use of marijuana. The syndrome causes repeated and severe vomiting and nausea. As CHS is a...Until recently, the best available evidence was a retrospective study of patients who received droperidol, most of whom received 0.625 mg or 1.25 mg. Patients who received droperidol had a shorter length of stay (6.7 hours versus 13.9 hours).4 However, we now have a small prospective randomized trial comparing haloperidol to ondansetron …Theory that low THC, high CBD cannabis strains won't trigger or re-trigger CHS if used moderately and infrequently. From: Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome and Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome: The State of the Science. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2023 May-Jun 01;46(3):E6-E7.I had this syndrome. I quit smoking by taking a microdose. It's not the same and the first 2 weeks are hard but now i only smoke on occasions and 4-5 hits of a joint instead of 6 joints daily. The only way to overcome the syndrome is by quitting. Now if i smoke i have 50/50 chance i have stomach pain even after 1 puff.Jul 8, 2022 · Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome is rare but can involve severe or prolonged vomiting. Experts say it’s no reason to restrict marijuana use. It’s fine! Getty Images Plus. “Scromiting” isn ... All 98 patients were younger than 50 years of age. Among the 37 patients in whom duration of cannabis use was available, most (25 [68%]) reported using cannabis for more than 2 years before symptom onset, and 71 of 75 patients (95%) in whom frequency of use was available used cannabis more than once weekly.Results. All 98 patients were younger than 50 years of age. Among the 37 patients in whom duration of cannabis use was available, most (25 [68%]) reported using cannabis for more than 2 years before symptom onset, and 71 of 75 patients (95%) in whom frequency of use was available used cannabis more than once weekly.Currently on the tail end of suffering from it - 7½ weeks after quitting. Feels like your stomach is a pinball machine, unexplained rumblings in the weeks/months leading up. Also eating a massive meal and still feeling hungry after. These are the tell tale signs for most people.Sep 20, 2019 ... Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, known as CHS, can arise in response to long-term cannabis use. It's what led to the death of Brian Smith ...That's called the prodromal stage, it's what I have been experiencing for 5 weeks now even after quitting. You should check out the chs recovery Facebook group. They have a cannabinoid diet that could probably help you. The list of foods that affect our endocannabinoid system is super weird. Abstract Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a form of functional gut-brain axis disorder characterized by bouts of episodic nausea and vomiting worsened by cannabis intake. It is considered as a variant of cyclical vomiting syndrome seen in cannabis users especially characterized by compulsive hot bathing/showers to relieve the symptoms.As I understand it, CHS pretty much exclusively occurs in long term heavy users (as in multiple years). There isn't much data on the prevalence, but inhaling cannabinoids doesn't seem to have much direct effect on your GI tract. The mechanism behind CHS is due to the effect of substances in weed on the endocannabinoid system in the brain.AMA : r/AMA. by Fast_Blacksmith_9494. I have CHS (cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome). AMA. I have CHS- a rare condition in long term, daily marijuana smokers that causes severe and debilitating bouts of vomiting. 11.So, I’m day 5 sober from about 3 years of dabbing everyday pretty much from when I wake till I go to bed. Legit I was going thru 1g thc carts every… Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is characterized by severe cyclical nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain relieved by compulsive hot water bathing in the setting of chronic cannabinoid use. This article reviews the characteristics, proposed pathophysiology, treatment modalities, and role of nurses caring for patients with CHS.Epidemiological data, including prevalence, for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) remain largely unknown. Without these data, clinicians often describe CHS as 'rare' or 'very rare' without supporting evidence. We seek to estimate the prevalence of CHS in a population of patients presenting to a …An analysis of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome Reddit posts and themes Rachel S. Wightman , Jeanmarie Perrone , Alexandra B. Collins , Sahithi …Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition that leads to repeated and severe bouts of vomiting. It is rare and only occurs in daily long-term users of marijuana. Marijuana has several active substances. These include THC and related chemicals. These substances bind to molecules found in the brain.Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome is marked by episodes of stomach pain, nausea and extreme vomiting. Learn how to recognize and treat symptoms of CHS.Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) appears in some chronic cannabis users. It presents as repeated nausea and vomiting to the point where it endangers you and your wellbeing. CHS (also known as Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome) does not threaten every steady cannabis user. It may result from cannabis strain, dirty pipes and bongs, or an ...Results. All 98 patients were younger than 50 years of age. Among the 37 patients in whom duration of cannabis use was available, most (25 [68%]) reported using cannabis for more than 2 years before symptom onset, and 71 of 75 patients (95%) in whom frequency of use was available used cannabis more than once weekly.Jan 11, 2023 ... ... cannabis plant.3 The ... How Long Does Marijuana (Weed) Stay in Your System? Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS): Symptoms and Treatment ...Jun 25, 2021 · Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome is a condition caused by chronic cannabis use that manifests as serious nausea, abdominal pain, and frequent vomiting. If symptoms go untreated, patients can develop other related conditions, most notably severe dehydration. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) appears to be a relatively rare condition, and ... It is called cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome genius, and cannabis is pretty much synonymous with THC in most people's minds anyway. And what is "Cannabis consumption abuse"? That is either a completely subjective determination or not a thing at all. Please find a definition for this if you possibly can or we will just assume you are making ... Today I learned about Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS), a condition that affects some chronic cannabis users. CHS is characterized by recurrent bouts of severe nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, often accompanied by a compulsion to take hot showers or baths to alleviate symptoms. CHS, or Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome, is a condition thought to be triggered by heavy and/or long term cannabis use, including CBD. Individuals with CHS may suffer from recurring episodes of nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and abdominal pain, often leading to frequent emergency department visits. What are the symptoms of CHS? I have a friend who has been puking for over 10 days straight now and just had a visit to the doctors. They claim that it is most likely CHS. Never heard of it before and i'm just …Introduction: Reddit hosts a large active community of members dedicated to the discussion of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. We sought to describe …Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a rare condition caused by a regular (daily) and long-term use of marijuana. The syndrome is characterised by repeated and severe bouts of vomiting. Marijuana has several active substances. These substances bind to molecules found in thePatients with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) may get a warning phase with nausea, decreased appetite and vague abdominal pain which can last for days before developing repetitive vomiting and diffuse abdomen pain. Symptoms sometimes improve with hot showers or baths. It tends to be worse in the morning.We present here a case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), which is an under-recognised disorder presenting in chronic abusers of cannabis typically ...Aug 2, 2018 ... ... Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS). Never heard of CHS before? Welcome to the club. This mysterious condition, unique to pot smokers ...This is a group that will be dedicated to people who either suffer from CHS ( Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome ) and/or know someone who has this horrendous condition ,don't be afraid if your going to talk about continued use that's fine ,but just don't bombard the page ,this is for people to share experiences past or present and to explore possible things ,all in all its to help fellow people ...I said "yes" which was immediately replied with "have you heard of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome?) Of course I hadn't. Then it seemed they really didn't want to help me, but …CHS (cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome) - Hi all, I began having CHS symptoms in November 2022, and didn't know it until March 2023. I quit cannabis about a week ago ( I was quite the frequent user). I had an episode last week and was hospitalized for a day with a swift recovery.May 8, 2023 · Although cannabis is often thought of as a substance that can improve symptoms of nausea and vomiting, it appears to be the cause of a severe vomiting syndrome called cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS). CHS occurs in people who use cannabis frequently and over long periods. CHS is associated with severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and ... Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome, a very rare condition, often results from the chronic and heavy use of marijuana. The symptoms of CHS can be severe and include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. A major sign of CHS includes cyclical episodes of nausea and vomiting. These episodes can last for several days.Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) appears in some chronic cannabis users. It presents as repeated nausea and vomiting to the point where it endangers you and your wellbeing. CHS (also known as Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome) does not threaten every steady cannabis user. It may result from cannabis …Someone has linked to this thread from another place on reddit: [r/baconcheeseburgerclub] Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) & continued use. - r/eldertrees If you follow any of the above links, please respect the rules of reddit and don't vote in the other threads. (Info / ^Contact) Abstract. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a paradoxical condition in which a long-term cannabis user suffers an episode of intractable vomiting that may last days separated by longer asymptomatic periods of weeks or months. Cannabinoids are often utilized for their antiemetic properties, so CHS can be a puzzling condition, and the diagnosis of CHS may be disputed by patients. Unlike ...CHS (cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome) - Hi all, I began having CHS symptoms in November 2022, and didn't know it until March 2023. I quit cannabis about a week ago ( I was quite the frequent user). I had an episode last week and was hospitalized for a day with a swift recovery. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition that sometimes develops due to the long term use of marijuana., Because CHS mostly arises among people who have used cannabis at least once a week, often for years, an, Industry. Reports. Canada. C annabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), a rare c, Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condit, Yes, scromiting — or 'scream vomiting' — is real and can be caused by heavy marijuana use. And it may be on the ris, EM is officially the most uncompetitive specialty. 550+ unfilled spots in 2023 match , 9 hours ago 55 Days Sober and still have an elevated heart rate I've been sober for 55 days, and fo, View community ranking In the Top 50% of largest communities on, One such toxicity of concern to pediatric patients is can, Jul 11, 2022 · Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is , Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is an uncommon condition, We discuss two adolescents diagnosed with Cannabinoid, September 1, 2021. Tweet. Dr. Ethan Russo is one of the, Have I Entered the Prodromal Phase of Cannabinoid Hype, Sep 17, 2013 · Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a clu, Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a cluster of sympto, TIL chronic cannabis users can develop Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrom, Abstract Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a form of func.