WWII Black colored metal Trench Shovel with brown wooden handle and leather protective covering for the edges. The shovel is stam... Lot 0582, Nov 19, 2022This vintage WW2 trench shovel is a rare find for collectors of militaria. Measuring 22 inches in length, this original piece from the United States was used during the conflict and is a unique addition to any collection. Its authenticity is undeniable, making it a must-have for enthusiasts of WW2 memorabilia. The shovel's design and construction reflect the field …Vintage WW2 trench shovel. My research indicates this is an AMES US WW2 shovel from around 1944. An identical one showed up on the net. It has rust but still works. The grooved metal ring can be adjusted so the shovel head folds down; and it can fold in a 45 degree angle to use as a hoe. This shovel is almost 28 inches long; green paint on wood handle.VTG WWII ENTRENCHING TOOL Red FOLDABLE SPADE PICKAXE 1945 US Military. Pre-Owned. $99.99. or Best Offer. $18.60 shipping. Sponsored Sponsored Ad. ... Vintage US Military 75 Ames Trench Trenching Shovel & 1943 Case Intrenching Tool. Pre-Owned. $64.95. or Best Offer. $8.80 shipping. Sponsored Sponsored Ad.WW1 WW2 ORIGINAL GERMAN TRENCH SHOVEL CARRIER - MARKED DESCRIPTION: Offered to you is this Original German WW1 leather carrier for soldier's entrenching shovel tool. The same spades were reused duringM1905 & M1910 T Handle Shovel 1905 - 1943. I bought a T handle shovel cheap ($15) and noticed it was different to my WW2 one's, on doing some checking i found out it was a WW1 pattern. I just found one on the net the same as mine and it said it was a rare pattern -the asking price $500. The wood handle is sheathed by the shovel head only ...Sold Date. Source eBay. This Listing is For a Vintage Military Trench Shovel Made in Taiwan - This is a Light Duty shovel, Used in Good Condition.This is not a heavy duty one, the construction and fit is just ok, the hinge and the handle rivet are a bit loose and the shovel has been repainted. Unfloded the legth is 25" and folded 17.5".In stock. SKU. WS6767. Categories: GERMAN: SHOVEL. Guarantee Safe Checkout. Details. Reviews. WWII German shovel Black shovel blade with solid wood handle The shove is 20" long. The blade is Same as original item They are very good condition Second World War German entrenching shovel WW2 German Shovel.Militaryharbor provide reproduction of german empire and ww1 ww2 German uniform,helmet,insignia,badge,medal,field gear,boots for reenactors . Toggle navigation ... WWII German E-Tool Trench Straight Shovel. $70.00. Brand: Military Harbor; Product Code: GGJ-001; Availability: In Stock; Qty +-BUY NOW. Add to Cart.Plus: Big Oil wants in on Big Shovel Good morning, Quartz readers! China’s Micron ban escalated tensions with the US. Beijing won’t allow the Idaho-based chipmaker to sell microchi...To the best of my knowledge, It's exactly because of the extra reach that bayonets and similar long weapons weren't used, at least in the cramped, muddy, trenches. The shovel was also often sharpened, making a crude, but effective axe, easy to swing in close quarters. The shovel is maneuverable.1940's WW2 Military Trench Shovel, Made in Romania, Multi Function Folding Shovel, Wood Handle, militaria, Historic, Man Cave, army, marines. (43) $38.00. Vintage WW2 …Vintage 1944 WW2 US Military Trench Tool Folding Shovel w/ Canvas Cover (20) $ 89.95. FREE shipping Add to Favorites Military Small Mini Foldable Metal Shovel with Case (327) $ 29.47. Add to Favorites 1940's WW2 Military Trench Shovel, Made in Romania, Multi Function Folding Shovel, Wood Handle, militaria, Historic, Man Cave, army, marines ...Used US GI Military Surplus E Tool Entrenching Shovel & Cover. $40.99. View Product. GI Style Military Folding Shovel & Case. $26.99. View Product. USGI Molle Carrier Entrenching Tool Pouch. As low as $0.00.World War Ii Ames 1945 Army Trench Shovel Great Condition/ Combat Used Posted Sun, 06/12/2022 - 09:09. World War II AMES 1945 Army Trench Shovel GREAT CONDITION/ COMBAT USED. This item is in the category "Collectibles\Militaria\WW II (1939-45)\Original Period Items\United States\Field Gear, Equipment". The seller is "ap36672009" and is located ...We've got a small number of these original WWII era U.S. M1943 entrenching tools. These original US military issued shovels from World War II are prized by collectors for their important role in one of histories greatest battles. With the supply of authentic USGI WWII gear drying up, this may be one of the last affordable pieces of World War Two equipment.VoultBioy. •. In WW1 you began noticing marching wasn't effective against machinegun fire, so soldiers began digging first "fox holes" (to fit 1 person) then connect said foxholes to form a trench. During WW2, trenches could be pre-built (Atlantic Wall and other defensive lines) but I am not sure how this was done. Reply.free Downloads. 10000+ "shovel 40k" printable 3D Models. Every Day new 3D Models from all over the World. Click to find the best Results for shovel 40k Models for your 3D Printer.military ww2 trench shovel-it's in teriffic shape, still has some green paint all over, wood handle is great, no cracks what so ever, 21&1/2 inches long, has markings on handle, nice military shovel, no reserve, thanks for looking & please check my other items.The Second World War was one of the most significant events in human history. Millions of people served in the Allied and Axis forces, and their stories are an important part of ou...CLOTHING & GEAR. FIELD & PERSONAL GEAR SECTION. Very Unusual Ames 1945 Intrenching Shovel. This shovel was recently purchased at an estate sale just a mile from the Ames plant where these were made. Obviously well used, most likely around the house, probably "liberated" from the factory. The blade is similar to the later shovels with the two holes.In stock. £39.95. Qty. Add to Basket. Add to Wishlist. WW2 German Folding Shovel. These reproduction German WW2 folding shovels are made of durable metal with sturdy wooden handles. They are ideal for anyone looking for a practical entrenching tool regardless of outward appearance. These shovels are well suited for trench digging and other ...Please find below our selection of WW2 German Military Shovels, Covers and Entrenching tools. Show per page. , WW2 German Field Shovel. £25.95. In stock. WW2 German Folding Shovel. £39.95. In stock.Stamp of spetsnaz special forces trench shovel - "Elka" OTK-1 ; Material of Steel Cold Rolled special forces shovel - wood + Stainless Steel metal. It was used by the USSR Armed Forces after the Great Patriotic War. Colour of ww2 russian shovel - Stainless Steel. Size of wwii shovel - in inches 20.4in*5.9in.Russian USSR Stalin War WWII ww2 Trench Shovel Relic Original. Original ww2.Get the best deal for ww2 trench shovel from the largest online selection at eBay.ca. | Browse our daily deals for even more savings! | Free shipping on many items!New listing WW2 GERMAN SWISS ENTRENCHING TOOL SHOVEL 1941 IN LEATHER CARRIER. £99.00. Click & Collect. or Best Offer. £8.95 postage. New listing Original German World War II army Folding entrenching tool Working Condition . £75.00. Click & Collect. £11.69 postage. Entrenching tool cover, green cotton twill pointed style. WW2 …German WW2 Wehrmacht Field Straight Handled Shovel Trench SpadeAll our items are backed up with a 30 day money back guarantee.Model: SACondition: Great condition for memorabilia all original 100%ThisUS WW1 WW2 T Handle Shovel M1910 Entrenching Tool Original U.S. Marked. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. $75.00. Top Rated Plus. Sellers with highest buyer ratings; ... Military WW1 Bleckmann Murzzuschlag Trench Shovel Entrenching Tool Dated 1915. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. $69.90. ekcnept (1,036) 100%. or Best Offer +$25. ...Mar 18, 2011 · The shovel head is attached to the handle via 3 metal rivets along a metal bracket (feels and looks very strong, no play whatsoever). The Gerber E-tool attaches the shovel head via 4 welding spots, not sure which is strongest. Purchased a G.I.-Tri-Fold-Shovel Cover for it, fits perfectly although very snug.WW1 WW2 ORIGINAL GERMAN TRENCH SHOVEL CARRIER. MARKED DESCRIPTION: Offered to you is this Original German WW1 leather carrier for soldier's entrenching shovel tool. The same spades were reused duringWWII Shovel Sapper Shovel Steel Cold Rolled Special Forces Shovel - Spetsnaz Special Forces Trench Shovel - WW2 Army Shovel Russian Shovel USSR by KIBS group. 99. $3144. FREE delivery Fri, Oct 20 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. Only 17 left in stock - order soon.WW2 Original Russian trench shovel. The handle on the shovel is a great copy.Jan 11, 2018. Command Sgt. Major John Troxell, the senior enlisted adviser to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Joseph Dunford, carried a shovel with him as he spoke to troops over the ...Item Description. Original Item: Only One Available. This is a very nice 1915 dated World War One trench shovel which is also marked K.W. along with a another circle marking …Long slender blade with ‘V-shaped’ edge. The pointed tip is generally used for digging and planting in soft, tilled (already prepared) soil. Some trenching shovels have blade lengths up to 400mm (16″) – ideal for digging deep channels for a vegetable garden, for example. Its slim blade means that less soil will be taken out, giving a ...Just a WW2 shovel for my upcoming game. - WW2 Trench Shovel - 3D model by Nathaniel RIchards (@NateTheDev) Explore Buy 3D models. For business / Cancel. login Sign Up Upload. WW2 Trench Shovel. 3D Model. Nathaniel RIchards. Follow. 189. 189 Views. 3 Like. Add to Embed Share Report. Triangles: 3.1k. Vertices ...This shovel is a very nice example of one of the WW2 produced, Model 1910, T-Handle shovels. When the US entered WW2, the first troops were issued the old WW1 surplus Model 1910 shovels. After the last of the old shovels were issued, the US Military made another production run of the old style shovels, in 1942 and 1943.WWI WWII 1915 ORIGINAL GERMAN TRENCH SHOVEL - BLECKMANN DESCRIPTION: Original German WWI entrenching tool shovel-spade. Manufacturer marked Bleckmann 1915. If the original paint is removed, the manufaFLYEGO Folding Camping Shovel, Multifunctional Military Shovel Portable Metal Detecting Shovel High Carbon Steel Entrenching Tool for Camping, Car Emergency, Hiking, Garden, Trenching, Backpacking 4.4 out of 5 stars 149World War Ii Ames 1945 Army Trench Shovel Great Condition/ Combat Used Posted Sun, 06/12/2022 - 09:09. World War II AMES 1945 Army Trench Shovel GREAT CONDITION/ COMBAT USED. This item is in the category "Collectibles\Militaria\WW II (1939-45)\Original Period Items\United States\Field Gear, Equipment". The seller is "ap36672009" and is located ...The jury is still out as to whether the one sided support shovel is a legit pre 1910 model or a later put together. I'm kind of leaning toward it being original, at least the ones I've looked at, as I believe it was the first entrenching tool designed to be carried by an individual soldier as part of his equipment and with no prior history in it's use, one side support may have seemed ...The jury is still out as to whether the one sided support shovel is a legit pre 1910 model or a later put together. I'm kind of leaning toward it being original, at least the ones I've looked at, as I believe it was the first entrenching tool designed to be carried by an individual soldier as part of his equipment and with no prior history in it's use, one side support may have seemed ...You will have a shovel that won't fall apart or break during heavy work use. Steel Blade with Aluminum Handle. Can be used as a saw, axe, mattock, or shovel. Folds to 9″, extends to 24″. Threaded handle locks blade into 2 positions. Genuine US Military Issue, Never used US Surplus. NSN 5120008785934. $80 at Amazon $85 at Walmart.Get the best deal for Ww2 Trench Shovel In Original Ww Ii Us Field Gear & Equipment from the largest online selection at eBay.ca. | Browse our daily deals for even more savings! | Free shipping on many items!SUPPORT THE CHANNEL and get access to exclusive film footagewww.Patreon.com/Military1945Today we’ll continue covering the training of close combat during WW2...Nov 15, 2018 · Entrenching tools have been a general issue item for almost every army since the First World War. The German army of the Second World War was no exception. Pre-war the Wehrmacht adopted a flat blade, square head shovel with a short handle that could easily be carried by every soldier. This was essentially the same pattern as the shovels used by ...New listing WW2 GERMAN SWISS ENTRENCHING TOOL SHOVEL 1941 IN LEATHER CARRIER. £99.00. Click & Collect. or Best Offer. £8.95 postage. New listing Original German World War II army Folding entrenching tool Working Condition . £75.00. Click & Collect. £11.69 postage. Entrenching tool cover, green cotton twill pointed style. WW2 …WW2 1944 ORIGINAL GERMAN TRENCH SHOVEL âe REX w/CARRIER. RARE DESCRIPTION: Offered to you is this original German WWII entrenching tool shovel-spade. Manufacturer marked REX 44. The leather carrier iImperial Russian or RKKA trench shovel in very good condition. Typical No markings. This type of shovels were used both by tzarist army and soviet red army. Most probably this example was produced during ww1 or first years of Soviet Power. In any case it's OK to complete you Imperial Russian or Red Army collections.1940s trench shovel World War II W/ Canvas Cover US Military Army Gear Vntg. PHP 4,621.87. or Best Offer. PHP 4,538.10 shipping. Vintage WW2 US Army USGI M1943 M43 Folding Trench Shovel E-Tool AMES Manufacture. PHP 4,627.65. Was: PHP 5,141.83. or Best Offer. PHP 2,022.07 shipping. Only 1 left!The Razor-Back trenching shovel features an industrial gauge tempered-steel blade with Dura-Torque crimp collar. Users of the shovel will also like that the extra thick wall fiberglass handle construction for its strength and durability. This is an excellent tool for homeowners and professionals.wwi/ww2 field trench shovel -- 21 1/2 inches -- marked us -- shovel is all original and in very good condition - i believe handle is oak and is in good condition - wood shows a little wear do to age b...from 84312445For sale is a vintage World War II era folding trench shovel. The shovel looks unused. This is a very nice piece of history. The unfolded shovel is 28 long, folded 20 long. The shovel is 6 1/4 wideIn a World Economic Forum poll, 96% of global economists predicted “high” or “very high” levels of inflation for the rest of the year. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive news...US WW1 WW2 T Handle Shovel M1910 Entrenching Tool Original U.S. Marked. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. $75.00. Top Rated Plus. Sellers with highest buyer ratings; ... Military WW1 Bleckmann Murzzuschlag Trench Shovel Entrenching Tool Dated 1915. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. $69.90. ekcnept (1,036) 100%. or Best Offer +$25. ...Product Description. Reproduction German entrenching tool. As original issued German Army issue straight handled e-tools have become almost impossible to find, we have been able to source these reproduction 'Spaten'. Each e-tool measure approximately 21" in length and feature a stamped steel head and wooden handle like original examples.WW1 WW2 ORIGINAL GERMAN TRENCH SHOVEL CARRIER. MARKED DESCRIPTION: Offered to you is this Original German WW1 leather carrier for soldier's entrenching shovel tool. The same spades were reused duringVintage Korea Military Folding Trench Shovel WWII Camping (347) Sale Price $44.95 $ 44.95 $ 49.95 Original Price $49.95 (10% off ... Original WW1 Russian Imperial Army Trenching Shovel 1910s, Metal Detected Rusted Not Cleaned, Vintage Entrenching Tool, Great War Relic (2) $ 49.00 ...Check out our wwii trench shovel selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our militaria shops.Pioneer Trench Shovel Original WW2 1944 Germany Mountain Troops Leather Strap P. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. C $239.26. Top Rated Seller Top Rated Seller. or Best Offer. ramegg (1,737) 100% +C $44.31 shipping. from Bulgaria. Sponsored. WW II WW2 Original German trench shovel from Kurland. Relic condition.WWII Military Trench Shovel. View Item in Catalog Lot #310 . Time Remaining: updating... left to bid! Opening Bid: USD 10.00. by YOU! Placing your bid. please wait... You've been outbid. Bid again. Reserve Not Met. BID NOW $10.00. PLACE BID or . Enter a maximum bid You Entered: ...UP FOR BID IS A WW2 U.S.A. MILITARY SOLDIERS TRENCHING SHOVEL WITH A WOOD HANDLE AND A COLLAPSEABLE SHOVEL BLADE THAT LOCKS WHEN YOU THREAD THE NUT AT THE TOP OF THE SHOVEL BLADE.THIS SHOVEL WAS USEDDuring World War II, AMES is honored twice with the Army-Navy "E" for Excellence in Wartime Production for providing 11 million entrenching tools along with armor tank plating and shell casings to our troops. American Fork and Hoe provides bayonets, shovels, snowshoes, and machetes. Union Fork and Hoe produce bayonets, cleaning tools, and ...Vintage Baldwins Monongah 16D trench shovel. All metal and wood. Heavy duty shovel. Measures 42" tall with the spade being 6" wide by 15.5" long. There are 2 metal lips at the top of the spade to use with your foot. ... 1945 WW2 WWII Trench Combat Used T Handle Shovel Spade. ORIGINAL GERMAN WW1 TRENCH SHOVEL SPADE WITH CARRIER Dated 1918.ww2 period made trench shovel, dated 1944 and makers marked. Excellent condition! Payment & Delivery . Payment Options >> Delivery Info >> « back Related Products. Soviet trench art - wooden cigarette case. 40.00€ 55.00€ WW2 Russian hand made aluminum cigarette case, 1943-48 dated! Trench art!!! ...German WWII Entrenching Tool Shovel Leather Cover Mid Brown P409. Brand New. $25.99. historicwardrobe (4,699) 99.6%. or Best Offer. Free shipping. from India. Free returns. Original WWII German Folding Shovel M38 Klappspaten WW2 Field Trench E Tool.A trenching shovel with a slightly recessed bucket and a rounded blade is known as the "American shovel". Another typical difference between the American model is the curved handle and crown, which create leverage when digging and thus reduce the load on the lumbar spine. It is also successfully used in gardening.This Militaria item is sold by collyectables. Ships from United Kingdom. Listed on May 20, 2024This World War 2 era soviet style Infantry shovel is constructed with a steel blade and wooden handle. These shovels were predominately used for entrenching, however they …WW2 Russian Canvas Shovel Cover. SKU. SKU3310E. Out of stock. £25.95. Notify me when this product is back in stock. Add to Wishlist. Excellent Reproductions of the Soviet Canvas Shovel Covers. These fantastic reproductions are made by Schuster, one of the finest manufacturers of Russian Uniforms and Militaria anywhere.Antique Gold Painted Iron And Wooden World War II Era Folding Army Trench Shovel. $50.00. $15.85 shipping. VTG USA ARMY 26.5" FIELD ENTRENCHING 3 WAYS FOLDING SHOVEL.OBO. $46.00. $13.30 shipping. or Best Offer. Vintage WW2 US Army-USMC Rare Entrenching Tool Folding Shovel With Wooden Handle.US Army Shovel Trench Tool. Dated 1945 Ames WW2 Well used condition, issued and fully functioning after over 70 years. Nice original Army issue condition. It is 20 inches long when shovel is folded. H1965 German Trench Shovel 5120 12-121 1532 W/ Leather Sheath. Vietnam ARMY FOLDING SHOVEL W/ Pick, Leather Carrier TOOL 5120 12 121 15 ... .30 M1 Garand Greenish Khaki Color WW2 Type 10 Pocket Cartridge Belt NEW. Antique Dark Olive Green Case Gin Bottle Twisted Applied Top "J" Mark 18. Philco, RCA, Telefunken And Realtone Antique Radio Lot ...Discover the best augmented reality & virtual reality developer in the United States. Browse our rankings to partner with award-winning experts that will bring your vision to life....WW1 WW2 RUSSIAN TRENCH SHOVEL SAPPER ENTRENCHING SPADE from battlefield. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. C $21.46. Top Rated Seller Top Rated Seller. or Best Offer. artsmilt_6 (119) 100% +C $26.81 shipping. from Latvia. 1:35 World War II Germans Tank Crew Model -53 High Quality Resin Kit. Opens in a new window or tab.Bully Tools 92719 14-Gauge 3-Inch Trench Shovel with Fiberglass Long Handle . With Bully Tools, you won't just get the job done well. You'll truly get the job done right with the strong tools and reliability you deserve. 100% American-made! Made from extra-thick, commercial-grade steel ;German WW2 Entrenching Tool (also known as a Trench Shovel) for PBR practice. Highpoly, lowpoly and bakes done in 3DsMax, Textured in Photoshop and Unreal 4. - PBR German WW2 Entrenching Tool (Trench Shovel) - 3D model by Davey Hintzen (@daveyhintzen)Original WW2 Army US IS&D-43 Trench Shovel M-1910 T-Handle. This offer applies to one of the original M-1910 T-Handle US IS&D-43 trench shovel from World War II. Shovel used on the battlefield in Europe. After the war, as a military aid, delivered to the Army of the former Yugoslavia. See photos with magnification for condition.Ww2 Shovel. 143 Results. Best Match. Condition. Price. Buying Format. Vintage 1944 WW2 US military trench tool folding shovel w/ cover Dave Mfg Co. Pre-Owned. $79.99. …The Second World War was one of the most devastating conflicts in human history, and it had a profound impact on the lives of millions of people. For many families, the war left a ...When it comes to trench digging services, it’s crucial to choose the right professionals for the job. Whether you’re a homeowner needing a trench for a new utility line or a constr...Nice original 1943 dated US army trench shovel in great well used condition. Proctors Militaria . Authentic artifacts Fast delivery Historical significance; Proctors Militaria . Home ; Store ; Contact ... ww2 US army 1943 dated trench shovel . £80.00.VTG U.S. MILITARY WWII PICK AXE & SHOVEL TRENCH TOOL USED 1945. Opens in a new window or tab. Pre-Owned. $104.95. Top Rated Plus. Sellers with highest buyer ratings; Returns, money back; Ships in a business day with tracking; Learn More Top Rated Plus. or Best Offer. lazy-dog-sales (1,306) 100%German WW2 Entrenching Tool (also known as a Trench Shovel) for PBR practice. Highpoly, lowpoly and bakes done in 3DsMax, Textured in Photoshop and Unreal 4. - PBR German WW2 Entrenching Tool (Trench Shovel) - 3D model by Davey Hintzen (@daveyhintzen)WWII II 2 US Foxhole Shovel folding leather case 1959 ! This auction is for a foxhole shovel from WW II. I am assuming it is US but not sure how to tell. Foxhole, trench, entrenching shovel. Folding.Get the best deals on Army Shovel In Original Ww Ii Us Field Gear & Equipment when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. Free shipping on many items | Browse your favorite brands | affordable prices.Get the best deals on Army Shovel In Original Ww Ii Us Field Gear & Equipment when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. Free shipping on many items | Browse your favorite brands | affordable prices.I cannot comment on prices. I am located in Germany, so many items seem to be a lot cheaper here in Europe. I just read a french ww1 helmet cost $150 - I buy them for under 50. German ww2 fire fighter m34 helmets $200 - I buy them for 40. As long as you are happy with the shovel, everything is fine. Very good condition, nicely stamped 👌Sold Date. Source eBay. This Listing is For a Vinta, World War Ii Ames 1945 Army Trench Shovel Great Condition/ Combat Used Posted Sun, 06/12/2, Winter can be a beautiful season, with snow-covered landscapes creating a pict, Original WW2 US Ames Folding Trench Shovel w/ Cover. The Pinewood Store (3793) 99.2% positive; Seller's other items, ALL-IN-ONE SURVIVAL TOOL - Your FiveJoy Multitool C1 shovel has over 16 functions that g, Product Description. This is a military issue Entrenching tool, folding shovel made in the USA by AMES. It is , 1944-45 AMES Trench Camp Fold Shovel W/Case. 1944 Wood US Military Trench Shovel With Original Cover. AMES 1944 WW2 U.S., Get the best deals on Army Shovel In Original Vietnam War Pers, The Razor-Back trenching shovel features an industrial , These reproduction German WW2 folding shovels are made of dur, Entrenching Tool, M1943, Refurbished. Original US M1943 Foldin, WW II WW2 Original trench shovel of a soldier of Re, Ukio is a short-term furnished apartment rental platform for the, "The very thing that the Chinese want out of Africa is no, Rated 5.00 out of 5 based on 1 customer rating. ( 1, A WW2 era Swiss Army shovel and its original leather cover, dated, Ames 1945 WW2 Trench Shovel. More Items From eBay. Vintage , When it comes to trench digging services, it’s crucial to cho.