Much has been written in recent years on the Miskitu people of the Caribbean coast of Honduras and Nicaragua, the area commonly referred to as the Atlantic Coast. The Miskitu (or Miskito), with at least 70,000 members in Nicaragua, are the largest Indian group in the region; they have been the most prominent in the efforts to articulate and secure cultural, linguistic, economic, territorial ...17 feb. 2020 ... These tapes record interviews with Miskitu Moravian pastors conducted by Fernando Colomer and detail the abuses suffered by an Indigenous ...Nov 1, 2019 · The Miskitu territorial movement began in mid‐1970s when leaders opened dialogue with the Honduran government over the legal control of their lands in Gracias a Dios. In 1976, Miskitu university students and teachers formed the country's first indigenous federation, called MASTA (Miskitu Asla Takanka, or Unity of Muskitia The Miskito also worked for Europeans for barter or wages. The coastal economy in general has been characterized by boom-and-bust cycles; foreign entrepreneurs have periodically invested in rubber, timber, gold, or bananas. When foreign companies were hiring, the Miskito sought labor opportunities; when depressions struck, the Miskito relied on ...1. Miskitu ... Es un pueblo que habita en La Mosquitía, territorio transfronterizo que abarca el norte de Nicaragua y el Sur de Honduras. En Nicaragua es el ...The Thermacell LIV is a large-scale system that can protect a big area from mosquitoes. $699 from Thermacell. (for the 3-repeller kit) For the most comprehensive and integrated approach to ...Since 1981, the conflicts between the Sandinista government and the indigenous peoples of Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast have captured intentional attention. The indigenous peoples of Nicaragua (the Miskito, Sumo, and Rama) - and especially those who have fled as refugees into Honduras - are caught in the middle of complex national and international power struggles within which they struggle for ...Miskitu kids on Corn Island often gain some competence speaking Miskitu, Spanish, and Kriol English. As the children of migrants and the first generation of ...Add a chamomile tea bag to water. Let the tea bag steep for at least 20 minutes until the water is a rich gold-brown color. Remove the tea bag from the water and squeeze the tea bag to remove excess water. Press the tea bag to your mosquito bites for at least 10 minutes, and then wipe your bites with a clean towel.Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are approximately 3,600 species of small flies comprising the family Culicidae (from the Latin culex meaning "gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by mosca and diminutive-ito) is Spanish for "little fly". Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, one pair of halteres, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and elongated mouthparts.YACHT NAME, Length x Width - Owner's Name. 1. QUINTESSENTIALLY ONE, 220 x 20 m - Company "Quintessentially". 2. AZZAM, 180 x 20 m - Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. 3. ECLIPSE, 163.5 x 22 m - Roman Abramovich. 4. DUBAI, 162 x 22 m - Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.Jul 23, 2019 · Offen K (1999) The Miskitu kingdom: landscape and the emergence of a Miskitu ethnic identity, Northeastern Nicaragua and Honduras, 1600–1800. University of Texas, Austin. Google Scholar Offen K (2002) The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: the colonial origins and geography of intra-miskitu differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras. This post is a part of our "Faith in Revolution" series, which explores the ways that religious ideologies and communities shaped the revolutionary era. Check out the entire series. By Emily Snyder. Somewhere in Nicaragua, there are forty lost VHS tapes. These tapes record interviews with Miskitu Moravian pastors conducted by Fernando Colomer and detail the abuses suffered by an Indigenous ...Numbered at 120,817 in the 2005 Census with other estimates suggesting around 150,000, Miskitu are arguably the historically most influential of Nicaragua’s indigenous peoples. Most …Asian Tiger Mosquito. Scientific name: Aedesalbopictus. Also known as forest mosquitoes, the Asian tiger mosquitoes are quite an exotic species. They have a single white stripe going down the center of their back and head, giving them quite a tiger-like appearance, hence the given name.Applying a lotion, cream or paste. Avoid scratching itchy bites. It may help to apply calamine lotion or a nonprescription antihistamine cream or corticosteroid cream. Or try dabbing the bite with a paste made of baking soda and water. Reapply the cream or the paste three times a day until the itch is gone. Rubbing with an ice cube.The area is commonly known as the Atlantic or Miskito (also spelled Mosquito) Coast. The Sumu and Miskito are traditional enemies. The Miskito is the largest, and the Sumu the second-largest, native group in the region. The Miskito are a mixed-race people resulting from intermarriage between escaped African slaves and other Amerindians.Population: 75,000-130,000. % of population: less than 5%. Religion: Moravian. Language: Creole, English, indigenous languages. The Miskito Indians of Nicaragua live mainly on the north-east coast of the country, paying scant regard to the established Honduran border, on the other side of which as many as 40,000 Miskitos may live.Según la tradición oral de los miskitos, hace muchos siglos un pueblo, dirigido por su líder guerrero Miskut, emigró desde el norte de Sudamérica, recorrió la costa del Caribe y se estableció en el continente, en un lugar donde confluían " un río, una laguna y el mar ".Oct 5, 2023 · By Laura Hobson Herlihy Indigenous Peoples’ rights advocate Brooklyn Rivera (Miskitu), the guiding force of the Nicaraguan Miskitu Peoples for more than 40 years, was arbitrarily and illegally detained at his home in Bilwi-Puerto Cabezas early on September 29, 2023, just five days after his 71st birthday. Ortega’s Sandinista police forces, sent from Managua, illegally seized his property. Applying this organizational analysis in Honduras shows that cartography contributed to the formation of a geo-body that enabled the standardization of political representation, bringing more political intelligibility between the leaders and constituents of the Miskitu socio-territorial movement.For the Miskitu of Nicaragua, <i>Grisi Siknis</i> is a contagious illness that predominantly affects women. It is characterized by numerous psychosomatic symptoms, including headache, fear, aggressive behavior, loss of consciousness, and periods of rapid frenzy. Although <i>Grisi Siknis</i> has gain …people: the Miskitu community members living on Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast. This investigation employed the participatory-action research methodology, allowing participants to tell their own stories about the events leading up to their dematriculation. The six participants, male and female, are of Miskitu heritage, were at least 16Mískito Indian Language (Mískitu, Mísquito, Bahwika, Wanki) Miskito is an indigenous language of Central America, spoken by nearly 200,000 people in Nicaragua, Honduras and Belize. Miskito, also known as Bahwika, Wangki, or Tawira, belongs to the Misumalpan language family, which is considered by some linguists to be a subset of the Chibchan ...The Miskitu crossed the cultural boundary of the historic Pech zone in the early 1940s. Miskitu men entered the Las Marias area of the Platano to work as laborers for foreign companies that were extracting rubber. Since then, the Pech socity has adopted much of Miskitu language and culture. Despite miscegenationApr 10, 2023 · Miskitu people spoke the language known as Miskitu. Miskitu is a Misumalpan language and is under the Chibchan language family. Msiumalpan languages are spoken in Nicaragua, Honduras, and El ... YACHT NAME, Length x Width - Owner's Name. 1. QUINTESSENTIALLY ONE, 220 x 20 m - Company "Quintessentially". 2. AZZAM, 180 x 20 m - Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. 3. ECLIPSE, 163.5 x 22 m - Roman Abramovich. 4. DUBAI, 162 x 22 m - Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.BEHIND THE MISKITU CURTAIN Photo: Courtney Parker. In the second installment of IC’s investigative series on the Miskitu (Miskito) of Nicaragua, Courtney Parker takes readers on a photo-journey ‘Behind the Miskitu Curtain’, introducing the hidden faces and everyday struggles of a simmering, lesser-known conflict zone in present day …Jul 23, 2019 · Offen K (1999) The Miskitu kingdom: landscape and the emergence of a Miskitu ethnic identity, Northeastern Nicaragua and Honduras, 1600–1800. University of Texas, Austin. Google Scholar Offen K (2002) The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: the colonial origins and geography of intra-miskitu differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras. In his 2006 Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain, 1500-1776, Alden Vaughan devotes a single page to the Miskitu embassy that arrived in London in January of 1775.This is unfortunate. Sent by the Miskitu king to apprise the British Government of usury trade practices by British subjects in the western Caribbean, the embassy included four Miskitu leaders, including Duke Isaac ...Esta publicación ha sido elaborada con la co˜nanciación de la Unión Europea en el marco del proyecto 'Promoviendo la convivencia pací˜ca en la respuesta a Covid-19 para migrantes, refugiados y otrasMar 1, 2017 · By Mira Galanova. 1 Mar 2017. Waspam, Nicaragua – The story that Lina Chale recounts in her native Miskito language is in stark contrast to the blue doves, a symbol of peace, painted on a white ... This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Linguistics Students Association (GLSA) at. ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst.The Mosquito or Mosquito alarm is a machine used to deter loitering by emitting sound at high frequency. In some versions, it is intentionally tuned to be heard primarily by younger people. Nicknamed " Mosquito " for the buzzing sound it plays, the device is marketed as a safety and security tool for preventing youths from congregating in ...This is in addition to the direct violence against Miskitu girls: one was injured in the face [21] and another kidnapped on 14 July. [22] There have also been 31 victims of direct physical attacks and 26 houses torched. These facts contrast with a total of 34 Miskitu Indigenous people killed, 44 injured, 25 kidnapped and 4 missing between 2011 ...Aug 13, 2019 · San José, August 13, 2019.- The damage caused by the invasion of the Miskitu territory and the lack of State action to remedy it could entail the communities’ complete disappearance. This is evidenced in the recent report released by the Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL) titled “Miskitu Resistance: A Fight for Territory and... View Article El estudiantado miskitu y mayangna considera que su aprendizaje es mayor cuando los docentes dirigen la clase. Manifestaron, que se sienten satisfechos cuando estosMiskitu kids on Corn Island often gain some competence speaking Miskitu, Spanish, and Kriol English. As the children of migrants and the first generation of their families to grow up with television, they develop creative forms of expression that combine languages and genres, shaping intercultural senses of belonging. ...The Miskitu from the Laguna Caratasca region have always been dependent on small-scale fishing as well as the industrial-scale lobster, conch, and shrimping boats that ply the coast. Miskitu divers tended to risk their lives collecting the bounty from the seafloor, resulting in about 120 accidents per year (decompression sickness), many of them ...This is one of those situations where you get what you pay for. So if you’re in an environment where mosquitos are constantly there, and you want a solution to get rid of them, the MegaCatch ULTRA mosquito trap is your best option. Check Current Price On Amazon. 7. Neem Bliss 100% Cold Pressed Neem Oil.La etnia de Los Miskitos en Honduras. La población misquita es descendiente de las tribus Chibchas, quienes vivieron en los bosques bajos del norte de América del Sur antes de la llegada de los europeos. El nombre misquito, posiblemente provenga o este relacionado al "mosquete» que era el fusil introducido por los Ingleses y que se ...The Miskitu Nation are the original people on the Moskitia/Mosquito (Miskitu) territory in Central America. Their history dates back to the Mayan civilizations. Oral history says that in 900 AD under the Guidance of Miskitu King Boopam and the other 11 kings, 12 tribes united and became one Miskitu nation.Offen K (1999) The Miskitu kingdom: landscape and the emergence of a Miskitu ethnic identity, Northeastern Nicaragua and Honduras, 1600–1800. University of Texas, Austin. Google Scholar Offen K (2002) The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: the colonial origins and geography of intra-miskitu differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras.Acerca de esta app. La aplicacion Himnario Moravo Miskitu es una aplicacion diseñada para que el pueblo miskitu de Nicaragua tenga a mano una herramienta mas para alabar el nombre de Dios, a travez de la aplicacion. Es una aplicacion creada con ningun fin lucrativo el unico objetivo es alabar el nombre de Dios, la aplicacion no es propiedad de ...Jeremy Radachowsky, Director of the Mesoamerica and Western Caribbean Program at the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), writes about a recent expedition to the Miskitu indigenous territory ...The Miskitu Nation are the original people on the Moskitia/Mosquito (Miskitu) territory in Central America. Their history dates back to the Mayan civilizations. Oral history says that in 900 AD under the Guidance of Miskitu King Boopam and the other 11 kings, 12 tribes united and became one Miskitu nation. These colorful illustrations are by Dr ...la Organización Internacional para las migraciones (OIM), lanzo un recetario para honrar la cultura y la cocina miskita, bajo el título Respiremos Miskitu.O Poderoso salmo 91, 91 vezes, para você meditar e orar. Para deixar ouvindo enquanto faz as suas tarefas diárias. O salmo 91 é um salmo de grande poder. Exp...HANDY MISKITO PHRASES. With more than 150,000 native speakers scattered along one of the Caribbean’s most beautiful and untouched stretches of coastline, Miskito isn’t a bad language to know for the visitor to Nicaragua. Murphy's Naturals Mosquito Repellent Candle. $14 at Amazon. Credit: murphy's. Although it isn't a permanent solution, our experts say lighting a citronella candle is a tried-and-true way to ...Jun 1, 2016 · By Laura Hobson HerlihyThe Miskitu people (pop. 185,000) live in Muskitia, a rainforest region that stretches along the Central American Caribbean coast from Black River, Honduras to just south of Bluefields, Nicaragua. Two-thirds of Muskitia and the Miskitu people reside in Nicaragua. The Miskitu people in Nicaragua today are in a crisis situation. Armed mestizo colonists are attacking their ... Weight w/Mag: 24.6 oz. Mag Capacity: 10 Rounds. Sights: Adjustable Rear. Grips: Black Polymer. Frame Finish: Black Polymer. Slide Finish: Blued. Accessory Rail: Yes. Features: Wear-resistant polymer frame outfitted with an integrated accessory rail. The SIG SAUER Mosquito® features a polymer frame chambered in 22LR.Crane flies, also known as mosquito hawks and mosquito eaters, are giant insects that resemble big mosquitoes. Despite their appearance, these large insects are completely harmless when fully mature. Often confused with mayflies, crane flies, aka mosquito eaters only live a few days once fully mature. Unfortunately, they don't eat mosquitoes or ...This article conveys the message that Miskitu women's social and political activism has been central to regional politics, though the institutionalization of autonomy has advanced without properly including indigenous women as political representatives and/or citizens that are in need of special protection against systemic violence.Here’s how to say “thank you” in 45 different languages. 1. Spanish. Gracias (Thank you) Muchas gracias (Thank you very much) 2. French.Adapted by Joan MacCracken and illustrated by Augusto Silva 2005. Trisba and Sula is a delightful story from the Miskitu region on the Northeast coast of ...Miskitu. The Miskitos are a mixed-race ethnic group with their own language, occupying part of the territory of Honduras and Nicaragua. Matagalpa language. It is an extinct language of the Misumalpan languages that was the main ...In addition, the Caribbean (or Atlantic) coast is inhabited by the Miskitu (150,000), the Sumu or Mayangna (27,000) and the Rama (2,000). Other peoples who also enjoy collective rights, according to the Political Constitution of Nicaragua (1987), are the Afro-descendants, also known as "ethnic communities" in national legislation.This confederation rose to prominence in the late seventeenth century, reaching the height of its power in the 1790s. The descendants of this confederation still inhabit Central America's Mosquito Coast, though today they are more commonly referred to by the ethnic and linguistic moniker Miskitu. This paper presents a historiographical …Oct 21, 2014 - As sea levels rise on the Miskitu Coast of Honduras, already economically-marginalized coastal villages like Kruta in the mangrove swamps are ...strate that Miskitu society has become matrifocal and even matrilineal. Analysis suggests that women's power has increased in Miskitu society due to changes in residence patterns, domestic organization, and descent that have developed along with the lobster-diving economy.2 The present article views Miskitu women'sThe Miskitu Nation Foundation has worked with Agape Food Bank to secure humanitarian aid to the Miskitu Peoples financing the program from their founder’s old age pension during the critical crisis of Honduran and Nicaraguan Colonists seizing farms, extra-judicial murders, rapes, torture and genocide against the Miskitu indigenous peoples. Grisi siknis (in Miskito language, from English, means "crazy sickness") is a contagious, culture-bound syndrome that occurs predominantly among the Miskito people of eastern Central America, and affects mainly young women. [1] It is also known as "grisi munaia", "Chipil siknis", and "Nil siknis". More recently, cases occurring amongst people ...Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987 [Hale, Charles R.] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.yo ahorita estoy elaborando un material didactico para la enseÑanza del miskitu.. nivel basico.. (princiantes).. esperemos que para a finales de este aÑo ya tener un avanse de ese material.. y poder presentar. por que va dirigido a personas no hablantes de la lengua miskitu. muchas gracias saludos desde mÉxico barbara waldan. eliminarIn addition, the Caribbean (or Atlantic) coast is inhabited by the Miskitu (150,000), the Sumu or Mayangna (27,000) and the Rama (2,000). Other peoples who also enjoy collective rights, according to the Political Constitution of Nicaragua (1987), are the Afro-descendants, also known as "ethnic communities" in national legislation.The Miskitu Nation Foundation has worked with Agape Food Bank to secure humanitarian aid to the Miskitu Peoples financing the program from their founder’s old age pension during the critical crisis of Honduran and Nicaraguan Colonists seizing farms, extra-judicial murders, rapes, torture and genocide against the Miskitu indigenous peoples. Como se ve en Alianza Mesoamericana el 7 de abril de 2016. Hoy 7 de abril es un día histórico para el pueblo Miskitu pues dos Concejos recibirán sus títulos territoriales, se trata de las comunidades de Ryaka y Diunat. Este logro es parte del proceso de titulación iniciado en 2011 y realizado por MASTA (MiskituMiskitu bila ra [edit | edit source] TEXTS IN MISKITO (B) = bilingual (Miskito plus another language) (Tr) = translation (i.e. the main link is a text in Miskito, which is the Miskito translation of a text in another language) Leyendas mayagnas, miskitas y creole de Nicaragua I (B) Leyendas mayagnas, miskitas y creole de Nicaragua II (B)Oct 26, 2022 · A painful spot that looks like a hive and forms within 24 hours after a bite. Small blisters. A severe reaction to mosquito bites can cause: A large, swollen, inflamed area. A hive-like rash. Swelling around the eyes. Children are more likely to have a severe reaction than are adults. A 2019 study observed mosquito feeding behavior when presented with different blood type samples, and found mosquitoes fed from the type O feeder more than any other. A 2004 study also found that ...The Miskito Coast, known locally as La Moskitia is a remote area with little institutional presence. This area is sparsely populated. On the Honduran side you can only get to it via maritime transportation or by air. Most of area is under protection under different national parks.EU4 Country Tag List. Find below a list of all countries and country tags in Europa Universalis IV. Type the name of a country or its country tag into the search box to search. Stellaris Planet Classes HOI4 Country Tags Victoria 2 Country Tags. Name. Country Tag.These mosquito-borne disease outbreaks prompted the development of many mosquito control districts in our state. Today, with the emergence of West Nile virus, mosquito control and bite prevention remain key in protecting public health. Mosquitoes can also spread Zika. Only two types of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, are known ...Miskito (Miskitu) Sumo (Sumu) Mayanga. Tawahka. Panamahka. Ulwa. The dominant variant of Sumo is Mayanga, accounting for most speakers across its two dialects, while Ulwa is spoken further south. Miskito, of course, dominates the family. Two more Misumalpan languages—Matagalpa and Cacaopera—have unfortunately gone extinct.The Miskitu ancestral territory in the North Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua is a site of magic and wisdom. Here, Avelino Cox, a native of the Wangky or Coco River, was born. As a boy, he accompanied his grandparents all over the territory where he heard stories and learned about the life and traditions of his people. He lived his youth in the 80s ...El sihkrutara evoca la manera que tiene el pueblo miskitu en la Costa Caribe de. Nicaragua y en el marco de su cultura milenaria en revitalizar y ...Miskito ( Mískitu in the Miskito language) is a Misumalpan language spoken by the Miskito people in northeastern Nicaragua, especially in the North Atlantic Autonomous Region, and in eastern Honduras. With 180,000 speakers, Miskito is the most widely spoken of a family of languages of Nicaragua and Honduras that has come to be known as Misumalpan.Countries. This article has been verified for the current version (1.4) of the game. Countries are the acting entities of Victoria 3. Each is controlled by a player or by the AI and pursues its own goals during a game. A country has a set type (Recognized, colonial, unrecognized, and decentralized) and tier (Hegemony, Empire, Kingdom, Grand ...Sep 6, 2016 · The Miskitu—an indigenous group of around 180,000 people who inhabit the Muskitia, a rainforest that expands from Black River, Honduras to Bluefields, Nicaragua—are perhaps most famous for the role they played as a counterrevolutionary force against the Sandinista (FSLN) revolution in the U.S.-backed Contra War of the 1980s. Honduras es un estado multiétnico, multicultural y multilingüe en el que, además de la población blanca y mestiza, viven siete pueblos indígenas (Miskitu, Pesh, Tawahka, Nahua, Tolupán, Chortí y Lenca) y dos afrodescendientes (Garifunas y Negros de habla inglesa). Estas comunidades constituyen una rica diversidad étnica y cultural en...Nuestra extensión territorial es de más de 1520 kilómetros cuadrados. Con respecto a su pregunta, cada pueblo indígena, todos somos indígenas pero de diferentes etnias. Nos respalda, nos cobija la Ley 445, ley de las propiedades indígenas, y a la vez también cada territorio cuenta con un estatuto territorial, un reglamento interno.Avoid scratching: Scratching provides only temporary relief and scratching too much can result in breaking the skin.Once you break the skin, you may start bleeding and run the risk of infection. Use lotion: There are a few over-the-counter anti-itch lotions that might help alleviate the itching of the common mosquito bite.The most effective …Our work. Main minorities and indigenous peoples: Caucasians, Kurds, Laz, Roma, Turks, Yezidis. Main languages: Arabic, Kormanje and Zaza Kurdish, Laz and Turkish - the only official language. Main religions: Alevism, Armenian, Assyrian and Greek (Rum) Christianity, (Sunni) Islam and Judaism. Around 99 per cent of the population are Muslim ...19 feb. 2014 ... The Miskitu are the most populous indigenous group in Honduras and make up approximately 50 per cent of the indigenous population in Honduras.The House of Miskito, also called the Miskitu or the Miskut, was a noble family from the Miskito coast that came to reign over part of the current territories on the Caribbean coast of Honduras and Nicaragua between 1687 and 1894, under the Kingdom of Mosquitia.What it looks like: Most mosquito bites appear as red bumps, according to Hari Nadiminti, MD, chair of dermatology at Summit Medical Group in New Jersey. It may be white and puffy or firm and red ...Miskitu fishermen cutting and salting their catch at the bar of the Kruta River, where fisheries have been depleted and subsistence fishing is not easy. Photo By Jack Eidt. Chinese have been eating "Hai Zhe" or jellyfish for more than 1,000 years. With stocks of fish depleted, turning to harvesting the medusas, as they are called in Spanish ...A 2019 study observed mosquito feeding behavior when presented with , Beginning with a famous episode of failed communication , Miskito ( Mískitu in the Miskito language) is a Misumalpan language spoken by t, Oct 20, 2023 · 0 3150. The Miskitos are indigenous people in Central Ame, Miskitu kids on Corn Island often gain some competence speaking Miskitu, Spanish, and Kriol English., İştah arttırıcı etkileri de olan misk otu bitkisinin hazmı kolaylaş, BEHIND THE MISKITU CURTAIN Photo: Courtney Parker., ... Miskitu culture in the North Caribbean Autonomous reg, The official language of Nicaragua is Spanish; [citat, A short clip to show the "mosquito sound" which only , Mixkit is brought to you by Envato Elements the company , Miskito Cay (Cayo Miskito), also known as Cayo Mayor, is the largest , Please contact us. On-the-ground reality may vary fr, The Miskitu began by convincing British agents of their implacabl, Belizean Creole (Belizean Creole: Belize Kriol, Kriol) is an En, 33 me gusta,Video de TikTok de ackermiskitusuy (@ackermiskitu, The Miskitos. The population of the RAAN area is predominantly Mi, Miskitu Language Collection of Natalia Bermúdez and Wanda Luz Wald.