Antique LIMOGES T&V France Hand Painted Bowl | Green Mark Limoges Artist Signed | Early Limoges | French Antiques | #R-134 (557) $ 36.00. Add to Favorites ... Hand painted Limoges T&V French porcelain scalloped lunch plate and tea cup,pink Maroon roses bluish green French country cottage dish, (61) $ 50.00 ...Together with Gravant, they succeeded in producing a type of soft paste frit-porcelain around 1745. The Sevres Porcelain Factory was originally founded in 1738 at Chateau de Vincennes, France by local craftsmen from a nearby porcelain factory at Chantilly. From the beginning, Sevres created finely detailed gilded and hand painted decorative ...Porcelain and tableware, since 1863 in Limoges. Since 1863, Bernardaud has been synonymous with the art of Limoges porcelain, combining French craftsmanship and innovation, creativity and tradition. In a field that is constantly evolving and at the cutting edge of design, Bernardaud develops new technologies at its Limoges factory, constantly ...Redirect water away from your house, garage, or patio with this effective method. If you’re looking to harness the power of water at your will, French drains are the way. Whether y...Haviland Backmarks. We hope that this helps you in identifying your Haviland. The decorator marks are basic representative marks. Additional factory decorator marks may be present.Find prices for T V PORCELAIN MARKS to help when appraising. Instant price guides to discover the market value for T V PORCELAIN MARKS. ... V.F. LIMOGES FRENCH PORCELAIN ROSE CENTERPIECEA beautiful oval bowl centerpiece adorned with a pink rose and gilt trims. V.F. Limoges France backstamp. Dimensions: 16"L x 9.5"W x …A LIMOGES, FRANCE PORCELAIN JARDINIERE, hand painted roses in pink and red, gold banded, marked underfoot with the factory trademark, B&Co France. Diameter. PAIR OF SEVRES LIDDED PORCELAIN URNS Stamped Made in France on the bottom of each and hallmark on inside. From a Patterson, NY estate. Dimensions: 13".Porcelain and tableware, since 1863 in Limoges. Since 1863, Bernardaud has been synonymous with the art of Limoges porcelain, combining French craftsmanship and innovation, creativity and tradition. In a field that is constantly evolving and at the cutting edge of design, Bernardaud develops new technologies at its Limoges factory, constantly ...Royal Limoges history; Factory shop; Contact; Formulaire de rétractation; Conditions Générales de Ventes; Manage cookies; ROYAL-LIMOGES; 28 Rue Donzelot ; 87000 LIMOGES +33 (0) 555 33 27 37; [email protected]; InstagramThe hand-painted Limoges plate dates from the latter part of the 19th century. It was never part of a set, but was used as a dining-room decoration to hang on a wall or on a shelf along with other porcelain pieces. The marks indicate the maker of the porcelain (the encircled crown) and the painter (L. Conderly), who are both unknown today.Vintage Floral Saucer Pink Gray FLowers Gold Trim JPL Mark Jean Pouyat Limoges Delicate Porcelain Dish Antique China France PanchosPorch (7.2k) Sale Price $ ... Vintage JPL France Pouyat Limoges Hand-Painted French Porcelain 9" Plate w/ Purple Flowers / Violets (1.3k) $ 32.00. Add to Favorites ...Hand painted Limoges T&V French porcelain scalloped lunch plate and tea cup,pink Maroon roses bluish green French country cottage dish, (62) $ 50.00. Add to Favorites ... Limoges 1855 Fruit Plates A. L. Marino Godinger Email de Limoges ,7 3/8" Hand Painted Gold Crown mark FREE SHIPPING $ 22.00. FREE shippingLimoges, France, was the home of many porcelain companies starting during the 19th century. Most of these companies were producing fine decorative china for the export market, mainly to the United States. Demand for this floral decorated china peaked before the First World War, before styles changing to the more modern Art Deco during the 1920s.The Art of French Limoges porcelain. Limoges France Limoges Porcelain. by Vida Cunningham on Apr 01, 2024 . ... Limoges porcelain marks serve as hallmarks of quality and authenticity. Learning to identify these marks is crucial for any collector, adding an extra layer of excitement to the discovery of each piece.The Marks on Pottery and Porcelain are of three. kinds factory, workman, and pattern mark. The first. is usually placed in a prominent position, sometimes accompanied by the mark of the maker or decorator. Sevres Porcelain, for instance, often having four or five. workmen's marks, besides that of the factory. The.From Kiln to Art Pieces: the Craftsmanship Continues. As the artistry of Limoges porcelain painters evolves and embraces modern influences, the enduring appeal of Limoges porcelain remains steadfast. Each piece, from the moment it emerges from the kiln to its final transformation into a work of art, carries with it the legacy of centuries-old ...In 1992, Bertrand Raynaud became CEO of the company. Bertrand moved the company from Limoges to Isle, demolishing the Montjovis factory. Bertrand was supported in his efforts by Ercuis, a French goldsmith. Bertrand blended gastronomy and the latest lifestyle. Working with American chef Thomas Keller, Bertrand produced a line of avant-garde ...Limoges, France. Two porcelain perfume atomizers and a makeup mirror, decorated with 22-karat gold leaf and a beautiful royal blue glaze. Scène galante. Approximately 1970. Provenance: From a large French private collection of Limoges porcelain. Marked. In perfect condition. With original box. Perfume atomizer: H 8.5 cm x W 9.0 cm.Search our price guide for your own treasures. (2) FRENCH LIMOGES MINIATURE PORCELAIN. (2) FRENCH LIMOGES MINIATURE PORCELAIN TRINKET BOX (lot of 2) French Limoges miniature porcelain trinket boxes, oblong form, parcel gilt, with hand-painted floral motifs, largest: approx 0.75"h, 3"l, 1.25"w; 0.25lbs total. (2) FRENCH LIMOGES MINIATURE PORCELAIN.The hand-painted Limoges plate dates from the latter part of the 19th century. It was never part of a set, but was used as a dining-room decoration to hang on a wall or on a shelf along with other porcelain pieces. The marks indicate the maker of the porcelain (the encircled crown) and the painter (L. Conderly), who are both unknown today.At its best, coffee brewed with a French press is richer and more full-bodied than drip; at its worst, it's bitter and gritty. This expert technique can help you avoid the pitfalls...Limoges porcelain tends to have a bright white color with translucency, while Limoges china may have a duller appearance with a glaze that imparts a slight ivory hue. In terms of texture, Limoges porcelain often features a smoother, finer finish compared to Limoges china, which may exhibit a slightly rougher texture due to the presence of bone ...William (Guillaume) Guérin in 1836 he rented a porcelain decorating workshop located in the Faubourg Montjovis (Limoges). In 1872 he bought the porcelain workshop of Lebon & Cie and just five years later the porcelain factory located in Limoges and belonging to Utzschneider. In 1903 the company was joined by Guérin's sons William and Andre.6 Limoges France Porcelain Tressemann and Vogt 22K Gold & Flower Dinner Plates. Tressemann and Vogt Limoges hand painted antique covered serving …Limoges, a city in central France, has long been renowned for its exquisite porcelain craftsmanship. The fine china produced in Limoges has become highly sought after by collectors...To read more on Limoges in general, please see one of our articles on Limoges Porcelain Marks. ... THEODORE HAVILAND FRENCH LIMOGES CHINA. SERVICE CA. 1904-1920'S: 85 pieces to include 12 dinner plates, 7 salad plates, 4 soup bowls, 10 dessert bowls, 12 cups, 12 saucers, 6 bone dishes, and 9 butter pats. ...Sevres Marks. Sevres, having gained the royal license and a monopoly on production, meant their wares were clearly organized and marked from the early days - so less mystery for us to solve. In France, by the time the monopoly license was relaxed, Limoges, the area rich in all the natural resources for porcelain making had the wherewithal to ...Pink Floral Roses Limoges Serving Bowl - Elite Works St. Marital Mark - Large Antique Limoges Porcelain Bowls - Bawo & Dotter Limoges (902) $ 65.00. Add to Favorites ... T. Limoges France, French Porcelain, Made in France, Antique Home Decor (49) $ 379.00. Add to Favorites ...Check out our t v limoges marks selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our fine art ceramics shops. ... T & V France Tressemannes Vogt Limoges Green mark 1920s Porcelain Hand painted 7-sided- unique shape Porcelain dish (180) ... Antique T&V Limoges Antique French Porcelain France Hand Decorated Tumbler (83) $ 37. ...Research and experience will tell you if the color, texture, weight, design, or general "feel" of the piece is right. This will help you identify the mark. Antique marks are listed according to their shapes. Some marks are made up of letters listed in alphabetical order. Some marks look like a circle, square, bird or animal shape, etc.Jul 16, 2016 - Here is an overview of exactly how to get to grips with your Limoges and Sevres marks. Jul 16, 2016 - Here is an overview of exactly how to get to grips with your Limoges and Sevres marks ... French Limoges and Sevres Marks. ... Buy A Handbook of Pottery and Porcelain Marks: The Definitive Fifth Edition by P Cushion, J, Honey, W ...Kovels Knowledge Members get full access to 25,000 articles on antiques and collectibles from 60 years of publication. Fine quality porcelain has been produced in Limoges, France, since the 1700s. Collectors are most interested in pieces from the mid-1800s to 1930.Get the best deals on Limoges Marks when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. Free shipping on many items | Browse your favorite brands ... French Porcelain Limoges Cake & Dessert Plates Set Pink Roses Chabrol & Poirier. Pre-Owned. $158.00. or Best Offer. $30.00 shipping. 22d 1h.In the first room you can discover the main stages in the history of Limoges porcelain between 1771 – when the first manufactory was founded – and the end of the 19 th century, a watershed moment in the porcelain industry. The “Comte d’Artois” manufactory was the first company founded on Limousin soil after kaolin deposits were ...Group of Limoges Porcelain French. An assembled group of hand-painted porcelain including a hand-painted fernery with peaches and flowers marked with Limoges factory mark; ht. 4.5 lg 12 in; Plus a Limoges handled cup with handled painted flowers marked T&V / Limoges; ht. 4 in; Plus a hand-painted open sugar and creamer marked with Limoges factory mark; ht. 2.25 in.Delightful French Limoges porcelain figure of a girl with a basket of fruit resting on her head by Jean-Jaques Prolongeau for Haviland and dating from the 1970's. The hollow figure is Scandinavian in style and is decorated in natural glazed white porcelain with molded decoration and facial and and hair detail.Antique French Limoges T&V Porcelain Tureen Gold Gilt Trim, Antique Old Paris Porcelain, Antique European Porcelain, Antique Painted Gilt (912) $ 38.00. Add to Favorites ... Antique Vintage Limoges Porcelain China Creamer Syrup Pitcher Gold Trim Bird With Banner Mark Circa 1928 (1.5k) $ 28.00. Add to Favorites ...To identify French Limoges porcelain marks, refer to trusted online resources. There are dozens of markings associated with Limoges porcelain. By comparing the marks on your piece to images shared online, you can determine if your piece is a Limoges. A certified appraiser or knowledgeable antiques dealer can also assist you with identification.In 1992, Bertrand Raynaud became CEO of the company. Bertrand moved the company from Limoges to Isle, demolishing the Montjovis factory. Bertrand was supported in his efforts by Ercuis, a French goldsmith. Bertrand blended gastronomy and the latest lifestyle. Working with American chef Thomas Keller, Bertrand produced a line of avant-garde ...Haviland Limoges China. David Haviland, a china importer who partnered with his brother Daniel, moved to Limoges, France in 1842 so he could begin producing decorated china made expressly for the American market. In the beginning, he purchased whiteware from many Limoges factories and had the pieces decorated in Paris.Sevres Marks. Sevres, having gained the royal license and a monopoly on production, meant their wares were clearly organized and marked from the early days - so less mystery for us to solve. In France, by the time the monopoly license was relaxed, Limoges, the area rich in all the natural resources for porcelain making had the wherewithal to ...To identify French Limoges porcelain marks, refer to trusted online resources. There are dozens of markings associated with Limoges porcelain. By comparing the marks on your piece to images shared online, you can determine if your piece is a Limoges. A certified appraiser or knowledgeable antiques dealer can also assist you with identification.French Limoges Porcelain Dinner Plates with Rustic Fish & Boat Design, Set of 8. By Tressman & Vogt, T&V Limoges. ... the bottom are H&C*/Depose underglaze mark, dating back to 1887, and the circular Haviland Limoges. Category Antique 1880s French Aesthetic Movement Porcelain. Materials. Porcelain.Nov 20, 2016 - Dainty collectible boxes from Limoges, France. See more ideas about limoges boxes, limoges, porcelain.Haviland Limoges China. David Haviland, a china importer who partnered with his brother Daniel, moved to Limoges, France in 1842 so he could begin producing decorated china made expressly for the American market. In the beginning, he purchased whiteware from many Limoges factories and had the pieces decorated in Paris.Paint pens are useful for coloring objects that cannot be written on easily with normal pens or markers. For this reason, paint pens are sometimes used to touch up paint or scratch...Limoges Unique France mark was created in 1929 by the union of Limoges porcelain manufactures (l'Union des Fabricants de Porcelaine de Limoges). This label was to certify that the item marked by it is a genuine Limoges porcelain product. The mark was used for a short period of time along with a factory mark or a decorating studio mark.The history of Haviland Limoges is one of product-driven enthusiasm and a passionate drive to excel in the industry. It all started with a man who saw an opportunity to improve the standard of dishware in America. A unique set of French porcelain was discovered in 1839 by importer/exporter David Haviland, who was based in New York. The ...This mark is commonly found on German or French bisque dolls, celluloid, porcelain, jewelry, glass or metal goods. Dep stands for the German word Deponiert which means registered, or copyright. Dep is also a shortened form of Depose which is French for registered. Without knowing a manufacturer or country of origin, it is safe to say that if ...Antique J.P.L.Limoges Green Wreath W Mark Porcelain Dinner Plates 2 Blue Pink Roses Gold White Ground 18911932 Cottage Victorian Replacement (450) $ 53.00. FREE shipping Add to Favorites ... Adorable hand painted French limoges porcelain pill box, snuff box, pin box with makers mark on its base for a collector (970)A highly-detailed hand-painted miniature porcelain Limoges box of an Egyptian Sarcophagus with. detailed painted Mummy inside. The Limoges box painting features multi-color designs over. matte 24K Gold. The interior of the Limoges sarcophagus is hand-painted with shiny 24K Gold. Painting on porcelain became the fashion of the day in all of Europe.Porcelain has been made in Limoges since 1735. Porcelain has been made there since 1735 when the secret of porcelain-making was discovered in Europe, shortly after that, under King Louis XVI when he bought the production. In 1819 four porcelain factories graced the land, but it was not until 1830 when the locally mined clay was championed ...CF & P Limoges mark history & backstamps. In 1917 the Chabrol brothers, already in the porcelain business, associated with Poirier and. founded Chabrol frères (brothers) & Poirier at the 117 Ancienne route d'Aixe in Limoges. In 1925, Marcel, one of the Chabrol brothers, left the company and started working independently until at least 1936.Goodie Trinkets. Chaps Limoges boxes are handmade in France, using traditional French craftsmanship and artistic techniques. Each box is carefully crafted from the finest porcelain materials, ensuring quality and durability. The intricate designs are inspired by nature, such as flowers, fruits and animals. From the hand-painted details.Limoges porcelain, a masterpiece of French artistry cherished by collectors and enthusiasts alike, holds within its delicate beauty a rich tapestry of history and craftsmanship. The allure of Limoges porcelain lies not only in its exquisite design but also in the heritage it carries, dating back to the 18th century in the Limousin region of ...Its style of decoration derives from Limoges painted enamels of the sixteenth century, but the prominent use of gilding throughout reflects its wholly nineteenth-century character. This cup was presented by the French government to one of the first-prize winners at the 1878 Exposition Universelle. ... “French Porcelain in the Eighteenth ...Art Nouveau Hand Painted Pink Roses Gold Gild Parlor Decorative Bowl by GDA CH Field Haviland, Fine Limoges French Porcelain China (308) Sale Price $51.74 $ 51.74 $ 68.99 Original Price $68.99 (25% off) Add to Favorites GDA Limoges France cake / breakfast plate blue flowers 18cm, uneven ripples, vintage French antique porcelain ...The New York office closed in 1931. In the early 1870s, Gustave Vogt (1849-1937), John’s second son, joined the company and became a partner in the 1880s. An influx of capital from Emilien Tressmann allowed Vogt to purchase two small porcelain factories in Montjovis, Limoges. The company produced high-quality whiteware for export to the ...Limoges porcelain, a masterpiece of French artistry cherished by collectors and enthusiasts alike, holds within its delicate beauty a rich tapestry of history and craftsmanship. The allure of Limoges porcelain lies not only in its exquisite design but also in the heritage it carries, dating back to the 18th century in the Limousin region of ...French Limoges Porcelain Plate, Feu de four pattern, Ca. 1910, 9 3/4" diameter, raised brilliant gold repeated diamond shape design border inside the raised round dots in the outer gold scalloped edge rim, faded and free style of transfer decoration of the Poppy flowers and branches towards to the center. Underglaze green mark "Haviland France Feu de four" and overglaze red mark "Haviland & Co ...Klingenberg operated a porcelain factory and decorating studio in Limoges beginning in the 1880s. His company merged with Charles Dwenger's decorating studio in the 1890s. These two marks were both used by the company. The first mark was used from the 1890s to 1910 and the round mark was used from 1900 to 1910.Prices for vintage French porcelain marks start at $95 and top out at $49,266 with the average selling for $1,405. View All Popular Furniture Searches. Shop our vintage french porcelain marks selection from top sellers and makers …Chrome: Google's browser has a pretty nifty notification system. While Gmail can provide some basic notifications through Chrome, Checker Plus lets you automatically read emails ou...The French porcelain Limoges box must bear the mark "Limoges, France" as well as "Peint Main" (meaning "hand-painted") to be authentic. Also, look for artist signature or initials, studio or brand marks, or hand-painted labels that indicate the piece is an original creation.A set of eight scalloped gilt decorated Limoges France plates, 9’’dia. Condition: heavy gilt wear on center decoration of three, light gilt wear on others in center and edge, some crazing CT Transfer Fee $20. 7 EUROPEAN PORCELAIN ITEMSGrouping of European Porcelain, 7 Pcs. 1st-2nd items: Pair of French garniture vases with swan handles ...Value: $6,956*. Stamped with the C-6 Mark that was typical of 1941, this mid-century 171-piece service sold at auction for just below $7,000 in France. The Marjolaine pattern is more typical of the China pattern you expect from Haviland Limoges - it's floral and delicate, with bouquets and blue palms.Jean Pouyat, Limoges France, Mark, Wreath, Fine Porcelain China, Antique, Circa 1900, Gold Gilt, Collectable, OPEN STOCK, Sold Seperatly ... Early 1900s ~ French Antique LIMOGES Fine Porcelain Salad Plate ~ Made by Famous Maker "Raynaud Cie - Tressemann Vogt" ~ Fine China (519) $ 13.56 ...Tressemanes & Vogt Antique Limoges France Hand Painted Collectible Spittoon Tags Marks Hallmarks. Category Late 19th Century French For The Table. View Full Details. ... Petite Limoges French porcelain dish in the shape of a shell with floral motif hand painted In. Category Late 20th Century French French Provincial Porcelain. Materials.Kovels Knowledge Members get full access to 25,000 articles on antiques and collectibles from 60 years of publication. Fine quality porcelain has been produced in Limoges, France, since the 1700s. Collectors are most interested in pieces from the mid-1800s to 1930.WM GUERIN LIMOGES HAND PAINTED 15" FLORAL. WM GUERIN LIMOGES HAND PAINTED 15" FLORAL CHARGERAntique William Guerin Limoges French hand painted porcelain scalloped rim round charger. Signed "L. A. McGinley" and dated 1891. Measures approx. 15" diameter (38.1cm). Condition: All lots are sold as is and where is.Bernardaud official website | Limoges porcelain since 1863. Augusta new collection. Porcelain and tableware, since 1863 in Limoges. Since 1863, Bernardaud has been …Limoges porcelain geographical indication. For almost three centuries, the Limoges porcelain has been recognised and well-known all over the world. Adapting to the industry’s new needs whilst keeping a unique know-how, it is today a symbol of quality and innovation.Haviland Backmarks. We hope that this helps you in identifying your Haviland. The decorator marks are basic representative marks. Additional factory decorator marks may be present.T&V LIMOGES PORCELAIN SEAFOOD PLATES, C. 1900 Tressemann & Vogt, Limoges, France, six (6) porcelain seafood plates for Ovington & Co., c. 1892-1907, each shaped circular with gilt rimes, the coupe form plates hand-painted with sea plants and swimming crustaceans. 8.5" diameter (6 total) Note: Ovington & Co. was a New York shop which opened in Brooklyn and had a Manhattan location on 5th Avenue ...Limoges miniature plate - Cobalt Blue and Gold Patterned - French porcelain (34) $ 22.66. Add to Favorites ANTIQUE LIMOGES Very RARE Demitasse Set / Cobalt, Heavy Gold Enamel Encrusted / Floral & Butterfly / Unmarked ... Limoges Porcelain Box Cobalt Blue Real Gold Trim Imperia Limoges Courting Couple 3 1/2 inches FRANCE (169) Sale ...Limoges D & C Mark. December 23, 2014. ... The mark on your bowl was used from about 1894 to 1900. Jardinieres are popular decorative items among collectors who like porcelain covered with large painted flowers. They are also practical, pretty holders for potted plants. Your jardiniere is worth $300-$400.Joanna Gwillt, French Porcelain for English Palaces: Sèvres from the Royal Collection (London: Royal Collection Enterprises, Ltd., 2009), 15. E. S. Auscher, and William Burton. A history and description of French porcelain, (London: Cassell and company, 1905), 102 [51] Christopher Maxwell. French Porcelain of the Eighteenth Century.This recipe is presented by Eggland’s Best. Is it breakfast or is it dessert? Is it Italian or French? Who cares, when it’s so delicious? For such a fancy fusion, the steps are rel...Research and experience will tell you if the color, texture, weight, design, or general "feel" of the piece is right. This will help you identify the mark. Antique marks are listed according to their shapes. Some marks are made up of letters listed in alphabetical order. Some marks look like a circle, square, bird or animal shape, etc.Vintage Limoges France French Porcelain Fragonard Courting Couple Brooch, Vintage Brooch, Vintage Pin, Vintage Jewelry, Gift for Her (884) Sale Price $21.00 $ 21.00 $ 30.00 Original Price $30.00 (30% off) Add to Favorites Classic Vintage Limoges France Eberling & Reuss Co Wedgewood Style Trinket Box ...To identify French Limoges porcelain marks, refer to trusted online resources. There are dozens of markings associated with Limoges porcelain. By comparing the marks on your piece to images shared online, you can determine if your piece is a Limoges. A certified appraiser or knowledgeable antiques dealer can also assist you with identification.EBELING & REUSS. Ebeling & Reuss marked as E&R was a porcelain trading company. The company was founded by Theodore Ebeling and Friedrich Reuss. Later, the company moved to Pennsylvania, U.S.A. As I know, This company imported many many European porcelains to USA around 1950s. All I had was during that period.Porcelain and tableware, since 1863 in Limoges. Since 1863, Bernardaud has been synonymous with the art of Limoges porcelain, combining French craftsmanship and innovation, creativity and tradition. In a field that is constantly evolving and at the cutting edge of design, Bernardaud develops new technologies at its Limoges factory, constantly ...Limoges France Porcelain has a long and rich history dating back to the 18th century. The city of Limoges was founded by the Celts in the 3rd century BC, and it quickly became an important center of trade. In the 12th century, Limoges was conquered by the French and became an important part of the country.If you’re a fan of fine porcelain, chances are you’ve c, A 1781 Limoges porcelain dinner service designed by Alberto Pinto in modern, W G & Co. Limoges Oval Vegetable Bowl ca.1920 Produce by William Guerin & Company with th, Pattern Names. A. Lanternier and Company exported ch, Faience (earthenware) has been produced for a very long time. Most of this faience is marked. Thes, Marking: Printed in green on underside: HAVILAND & Cº. / LIMOGES, within a circle (H, Haviland Limoges China. David Haviland, a china importer who partnered with his brother Dani, Some of the markings on pieces of Limoges porcelain, Some of the markings on pieces of Limoges porcelain ar, A French Limoges porcelain fish set by Flambeau with 1, A Limoges Porcelain Oyster Plate from the White House Service , Look for a mark in red or green. The Bawo & Dotter company of New, Today Limoges porcelain boxes are the best French traditi, Delinières mark. D&Co France R. Delinières Limoges 189, Yet now, 50 years later, as Southwest and other airlines recover , Limoges porcelain geographical indication. For almost th, First created in the late 1700s, Limoges France Porcelain was mad, To identify French Limoges porcelain marks, refer to trusted onli.